20世紀50年代(dai)到(dao)60年代(dai)初期,我(wo)國的火電(dian)機組多為(wei)5~12MW低、中壓(ya)小容(rong)量機組,蒸汽壓(ya)力為(wei)3.8MPa,溫度不超過(guo)(guo)450℃,所使用(yong)(yong)的管材僅(jin)為(wei)普(pu)通10號鋼和(he)20號鋼;過(guo)(guo)熱器(qi)、再熱器(qi)高溫段使用(yong)(yong)少量低合金鋼,但(dan)這階(jie)段所用(yong)(yong)高壓(ya)鍋爐管全部從蘇聯(lian)進口(kou)。


  70年(nian)代中(zhong)期,我(wo)國引進了原西德(de)DIN17175標準中(zhong)的(de)熱強鋼鋼管,并廣泛地使用在(zai)火電鍋(guo)爐(lu)制造和電站建設中(zhong)。這些鋼也進入(ru)我(wo)國火電機(ji)組的(de)用鋼系列,這階段所用高壓鍋(guo)爐(lu)管基本上是(shi)德(de)國系列由德(de)國進口。其間(jian)我(wo)國研制的(de)耐(nai)650℃高溫(wen)的(de)G106(10Cr5MoWVTiB)已開(kai)始試制并獲(huo)得初步成功。


  80年代初我國引進了美國GE公司300MW和600MW亞臨界火電機組的設計、制造技術。美國ASME、ASTM標準的耐熱鋼進入我國,并相繼在成都無縫鋼管廠、鞍鋼無縫鋼管廠、上海鋼管廠、上海第五鋼鐵廠等生產獲得成功。這階段所用高壓鍋爐管基本上是美國火電機組用鋼系列,其低溫段用碳素鋼管,高溫段用奧氏體不銹鋼管(guan)。高溫段用管基本靠進口。所以當時我國發電機組形成多國鋼種、多國機型,專家戲言是“八國聯軍”沒有中國造。


  90年代,國家開始抓(zhua)緊電站鋼(gang)材國產(chan)化的工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),所以(yi)高(gao)壓(ya)鍋(guo)爐管獲得巨(ju)大(da)發(fa)展(zhan)的機(ji)會。1989年國務院批準(zhun)原(yuan)冶金(jin)(jin)部(bu)提出(chu)的“發(fa)電設(she)備用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)國產(chan)化措施方案”,計(ji)劃投資7億(yi)元,實際耗資近20億(yi)元。對7個(ge)生產(chan)發(fa)電設(she)備用(yong)(yong)材的企(qi)業進(jin)行(xing)技術(shu)改造,其(qi)中高(gao)壓(ya)鍋(guo)爐管生產(chan)企(qi)業占5個(ge)。由(you)國家計(ji)委牽(qian)頭(tou)組織實施、并組織原(yuan)冶金(jin)(jin)部(bu)、機(ji)械(xie)部(bu)、電力部(bu)、船舶(bo)總公司(si)對其(qi)技術(shu)改造工(gong)程及改造后(hou)生產(chan)的火電用(yong)(yong)材進(jin)行(xing)技術(shu)評定和(he)驗收。當年我有幸(xing)成為(wei)國家計(ji)委牽(qian)頭(tou)組織實施項目工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)組的成員之一,工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)組主要任務是負責(ze)督促(cu)檢查并組織上述部(bu)委技術(shu)改造項目的立項、施工(gong)建設(she)、驗收投產(chan)的情況以(yi)及生產(chan)的高(gao)壓(ya)鍋(guo)爐管產(chan)品的質(zhi)量評定工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。


  5個生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)高壓鍋(guo)爐管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)企業,其(qi)(qi)一(yi)成都無(wu)縫鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)廠(chang)(chang)(后更名(ming)為攀(pan)成鋼(gang))采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)皮(pi)爾(er)格機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)主要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)大口(kou)徑(jing)P22、12Cr1MoV、P91和小(xiao)口(kou)徑(jing)T91鍋(guo)爐管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan);其(qi)(qi)二(er)衡陽鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)廠(chang)(chang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)連(lian)軋(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)并采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)連(lian)鑄坯主要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)12Cr1MoV鍋(guo)爐管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan);其(qi)(qi)三(san)上海鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)廠(chang)(chang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)精密軋(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)主要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)T91和G102小(xiao)口(kou)徑(jing)鍋(guo)爐管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan);其(qi)(qi)四北滿(man)特(te)殊鋼(gang)股份有限(xian)公(gong)司采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)精密軋(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)主要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)12CrlMoV和G102小(xiao)口(kou)徑(jing)鍋(guo)爐管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan);其(qi)(qi)五武漢重(zhong)型(xing)鑄鍛廠(chang)(chang)(471廠(chang)(chang))采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)日本二(er)手設(she)備大頂管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)主要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)P22、12Cr1MoV、A106B大口(kou)徑(jing)鍋(guo)爐管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。為了盡快實現國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)化,當時(shi)(shi)我們推(tui)行并組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)了也(ye)是(shi)國(guo)內第一(yi)次(ci)實現由北京鋼(gang)鐵研(yan)究(jiu)總(zong)院(冶(ye)金(jin)部(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)部(bu)門(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou))、上海發電(dian)(dian)成套設(she)備設(she)計研(yan)究(jiu)所(一(yi)機(ji)(ji)部(bu)鍋(guo)爐用(yong)(yong)(yong)材檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou))、西(xi)安熱工研(yan)究(jiu)所(電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)站用(yong)(yong)(yong)材檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou))以及勞動部(bu)鍋(guo)爐所(安全部(bu)門(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou))聯(lian)合承擔了產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)性能測試和質量的(de)(de)全面評(ping)價工作。規(gui)避了當時(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶、安全等部(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)分別檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)評(ping)價的(de)(de)做法,產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品從產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出到使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)確(que)認,不但(dan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)過程時(shi)(shi)間長、同時(shi)(shi)造成重(zhong)復檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)次(ci)數(shu)多、部(bu)門(men)之間扯(che)皮(pi)多。


  經過3年的(de)努力(li),7項改造工程及質量(liang)評定已(yi)(yi)全(quan)部完(wan)成(cheng)。屆時國內已(yi)(yi)具備(bei)(bei)批(pi)量(liang)生產火(huo)電設(she)備(bei)(bei)所需的(de)Φ10~1066.8mm×1.2~200mm規格(ge)的(de)高(gao)壓鍋(guo)爐管(guan)的(de)生產能力(li)。核電用管(guan)和其他能源用管(guan)的(de)開發(fa)也取得突出成(cheng)績。


  目前(qian)高(gao)壓鍋爐管和核(he)(he)電站(zhan)用(yong)管,已經開發(fa)的高(gao)端產品包括(kuo)T/P22、T/P91、T92、T23、Super304H;核(he)(he)島(dao)(dao)用(yong)(CPR1000機組)WB36CN1、P280GH、TU42C、TUE250,常(chang)規(gui)島(dao)(dao)用(yong)A335的P22、WB36CN1等產品;尤其(qi)是寶鋼自主研制(zhi)成功(gong)的核(he)(he)一級(ji)材料核(he)(he)電蒸(zheng)發(fa)器用(yong)690U型管,打破了我國核(he)(he)電關(guan)鍵材料長期被進(jin)口(kou)產品壟(long)斷的局面。




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