按(an)塔(ta)內(nei)件(jian)(jian)結構(gou)可分為(wei)：板式塔(ta)和填料(liao)塔(ta)。塔(ta)設備盡(jin)管(guan)其(qi)用途各異，操作條件(jian)(jian)也各不相(xiang)同，但就(jiu)其(qi)構(gou)造(zao)而言(yan)大(da)同小異，主要由塔(ta)體、支(zhi)(zhi)座、內(nei)部(bu)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)及附件(jian)(jian)組成。根(gen)據塔(ta)內(nei)部(bu)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)的(de)結構(gou)可以將其(qi)分為(wei)板式塔(ta)和填料(liao)塔(ta)兩(liang)大(da)類。塔(ta)體是塔(ta)設備的(de)外(wai)殼，由圓(yuan)(yuan)筒(tong)和兩(liang)封頭(tou)組成；封頭(tou)可以是半球形、橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形、碟形等(deng)；支(zhi)(zhi)座是將塔(ta)體安裝在基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)的(de)連接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)部(bu)分，一般采(cai)(cai)用裙式支(zhi)(zhi)座，有圓(yuan)(yuan)筒(tong)形和圓(yuan)(yuan)錐(zhui)形兩(liang)種，常采(cai)(cai)用圓(yuan)(yuan)筒(tong)形。裙座與塔(ta)體采(cai)(cai)用對接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)焊接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)或搭接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)焊接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)連接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，裙座的(de)高(gao)度(du)由工(gong)藝要求的(de)附屬設備（如再沸器、泵）及管(guan)線的(de)布置情況而定。

1. 板式塔(ta)（plate column）

    在板(ban)式塔(ta)(ta)中裝有(you)一定數量的塔(ta)(ta)盤，液(ye)體(ti)借自身的重量自上(shang)而下沉向塔(ta)(ta)底（在塔(ta)(ta)盤板(ban)上(shang)沿(yan)塔(ta)(ta)徑橫(heng)向流動），氣體(ti)靠壓差自下而上(shang)以鼓泡(pao)的形式穿過(guo)塔(ta)(ta)盤上(shang)的液(ye)層(ceng)(ceng)升向塔(ta)(ta)頂。在每層(ceng)(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)盤上(shang)氣、液(ye)兩相(xiang)密切(qie)接觸，進行傳(chuan)質，使兩相(xiang)的組分濃度(du)沿(yan)塔(ta)(ta)高呈階梯(ti)式變化，如圖4.1所示。

  如(ru)果按其塔板(ban)上氣(qi)、液流向不同還可分為以下幾種。

   ①. 氣、液(ye)呈(cheng)(cheng)錯流(liu)的(de)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。氣、液(ye)呈(cheng)(cheng)錯流(liu)的(de)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上裝有降液(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，液(ye)體(ti)自上板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)降液(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)落下，進入(ru)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之后，沿著塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)橫向流(liu)過(guo)，經(jing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)降液(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)流(liu)入(ru)下一塊(kuai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)（受液(ye)槽）。一般受液(ye)槽和對應(ying)降液(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)寬度是一樣的(de)。而(er)氣體(ti)則通過(guo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)開孔，與液(ye)體(ti)呈(cheng)(cheng)錯流(liu)方式(shi)傳質和傳熱。氣、液(ye)呈(cheng)(cheng)錯流(liu)方式(shi)的(de)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)在生產上用得最多，根據其氣、液(ye)接觸(chu)元(yuan)件形(xing)式(shi)的(de)不同，又可分為泡罩型(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、篩孔型(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、浮閥型(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和噴射型(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。

   ②. 氣、液呈逆流的塔板(ban)(ban)。塔板(ban)(ban)結構簡單(dan)，不(bu)設(she)溢(yi)流管，氣、液從塔板(ban)(ban)縫中上(shang)下穿流而(er)過，在板(ban)(ban)上(shang)的流體為上(shang)升蒸汽(qi)所攪動而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)泡沫(mo)，進行(xing)兩相(xiang)間的傳質，這類塔板(ban)(ban)的塔有(you)柵板(ban)(ban)塔、穿流式波紋篩(shai)板(ban)(ban)塔。

   ③. 氣、液(ye)呈(cheng)并流(liu)的塔板(ban)(ban)。氣、液(ye)呈(cheng)并流(liu)的塔板(ban)(ban)在每一(yi)塊塔板(ban)(ban)上，氣、液(ye)呈(cheng)并流(liu)接觸方式，對(dui)整個塔氣、液(ye)呈(cheng)逆流(liu)操作(zuo)方式。

  板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)(ta)按有(you)無降(jiang)(jiang)液管塔(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)可分為兩類：有(you)降(jiang)(jiang)液管塔(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)（錯流(liu)式(shi)），包括篩(shai)(shai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、浮閥板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、泡(pao)罩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、導向篩(shai)(shai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、舌形板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、多降(jiang)(jiang)液管塔(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等；無降(jiang)(jiang)液管塔(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)（逆流(liu)式(shi)），包括穿(chuan)流(liu)篩(shai)(shai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、穿(chuan)流(liu)柵板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、波紋(wen)穿(chuan)流(liu)塔(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)(ta)的(de)結(jie)構(gou)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)(ta)的(de)主要部件是塔(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，塔(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)有(you)許多形式(shi)。圖4.2所(suo)示為板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)(ta)塔(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)結(jie)構(gou)。

2. 填料塔(ta)（packed column）

  填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)塔(ta)(ta)中裝填(tian)(tian)(tian)一定高度的填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，液(ye)體(ti)自(zi)塔(ta)(ta)頂沿填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)表面向下流動，作為連(lian)續相(xiang)(xiang)的氣體(ti)自(zi)塔(ta)(ta)底向上流動，與液(ye)體(ti)進行逆(ni)流，兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)組(zu)分的濃度沿塔(ta)(ta)高呈連(lian)續變(bian)化。可根據工(gong)藝特(te)點(dian)、介質的特(te)性選用(yong)不(bu)同(tong)類型的填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，如(ru)拉西(xi)環、鮑爾環等。填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)塔(ta)(ta)結構(gou)示(shi)意圖如(ru)圖4.3所(suo)示(shi)。

  典型填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)塔(ta)(ta)的(de)工作原理圖(tu)(tu)如圖(tu)(tu)4.4所示。塔(ta)(ta)體(ti)為一圓(yuan)筒(tong)，筒(tong)內(nei)堆放一定高度的(de)填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)。操作時，液體(ti)自塔(ta)(ta)上(shang)(shang)部進入，通(tong)(tong)過液體(ti)分(fen)布(bu)器均(jun)勻噴灑于塔(ta)(ta)截面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)，在(zai)填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)表面(mian)(mian)呈膜狀流(liu)(liu)下。填(tian)(tian)(tian)充(chong)高度較高的(de)填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)塔(ta)(ta)可(ke)將填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)分(fen)層，各層填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)之間設置液體(ti)再分(fen)布(bu)器，收(shou)集上(shang)(shang)層流(liu)(liu)下的(de)液體(ti)，并將液體(ti)重新均(jun)布(bu)于塔(ta)(ta)截面(mian)(mian)。氣體(ti)自塔(ta)(ta)下部進入，通(tong)(tong)過填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)層中的(de)空隙由塔(ta)(ta)頂排出，離(li)開填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)層的(de)氣體(ti)可(ke)能挾(xie)帶(dai)少量液沫(mo)，必要時可(ke)在(zai)塔(ta)(ta)頂安裝除(chu)沫(mo)器。