金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制和(he)(he)發(fa)展新金屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)、改進材(cai)料(liao)質量、限(xian)度發(fa)揮(hui)材(cai)料(liao)潛(qian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)許用(yong)(yong)應力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、分析金屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)故障、確(que)(que)保(bao)金屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)設計合(he)(he)理(li)以及使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)維護的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)，都(dou)是必不可(ke)(ke)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段(見(jian)金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表征)。金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本任務是正確(que)(que)地選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器、裝(zhuang)備和(he)(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)(que)定合(he)(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)判據(ju)，并準確(que)(que)而(er)盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)出這種判據(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法和(he)(he)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian) 為了(le)確(que)(que)切表征金屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)在使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(服(fu)役)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下所(suo)表現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為,力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)應盡量接近(jin)實(shi)際(ji)工作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。除(chu)普(pu)通金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近(jin)年來又(you)發(fa)展出模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，即應用(yong)(yong)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)模型(xing)，或甚至使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)真(zhen)實(shi)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模擬機件(jian)(jian)(jian)真(zhen)實(shi)工作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下進行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。通過這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)所(suo)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng))判據(ju)，能(neng)(neng)更真(zhen)實(shi)反映(ying)工作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下金屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，具有(you)重(zhong)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)實(shi)際(ji)意(yi)義。但是，模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)般缺乏普(pu)遍(bian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應用(yong)(yong)受到限(xian)制。然而(er)根據(ju)具體情況，進行部分模擬服(fu)役條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)還是十分必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)設備、試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺寸(cun)和(he)(he)加工方法、加荷速(su)率、溫度、介質等，均(jun)影響金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)。只有(you)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方法標準和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)規程(cheng)，才能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)可(ke)(ke)比性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)(que)選(xuan)擇和(he)(he)執(zhi)行標準，是確(que)(que)保(bao)金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)是研(yan)究金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用下所表(biao)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。由于(yu)作用力(li)(li)(li)點(如力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種類、施力(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態等(deng))和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)受力(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態所處環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在受力(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)現(xian)出各種不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(如彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)強度(du)等(deng))。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)(di)，通常用力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)判據來(lai)表(biao)征(zheng)，如抗拉強度(du) 、伸長(chang)率(lv)、沖擊韌度(du)、疲勞限等(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)役(yi)條件(jian)復雜(za)，因而，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)也是復雜(za)而多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程需要考慮(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)很多(duo)，常用的(de)(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫度(du) 室溫、高(gao)(gao)溫、低(di)(di)(di)溫和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)按照(zhao)定規律變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)； B 應(ying)力(li)(li)(li) 拉伸、壓縮(suo)、彎曲(qu)、扭轉、剪切、復合應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)、按定規律變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)隨機應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)等(deng)； C 應(ying)變(bian)(bian) 軸向(xiang)、徑向(xiang)、表(biao)面、彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)變(bian)(bian)； D 環境 空氣、真空、控制(zhi)(zhi)氣氛、腐蝕介(jie)質、海水、水蒸氣、高(gao)(gao)壓、腐蝕、核(he)輻照(zhao)、宇(yu)宙空間(jian)(jian)等(deng)； E 加(jia)荷速(su)率(lv)(或應(ying)變(bian)(bian)速(su)率(lv))低(di)(di)(di)速(su)、中速(su)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)、超低(di)(di)(di)速(su)、超高(gao)(gao)速(su)等(deng)； F 應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)變(bian)(bian))循(xun)環頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv) 低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)、中頻(pin)(pin)(pin)、高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)、超低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)、超高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)等(deng)； G 時間(jian)(jian) 瞬間(jian)(jian)、短(duan)時、長(chang)時、超短(duan)時、超長(chang)時； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)形(xing)狀(zhuang) 般(ban)、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)、板(ban)狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)、薄膜、環形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊形(xing)狀(zhuang)、帶(dai)缺口(kou)、帶(dai)預制(zhi)(zhi)裂紋或缺陷、模型、實物等(deng)。 根據上(shang)述參數(shu)，已形(xing)成下述主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)通力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方法:抗拉試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強度(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗彎試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如杯突、擴口(kou)、反復彎曲(qu)、鋼管壓扁、鋼絲纏繞(rao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng))等(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是門(men)綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)，它與(yu)數(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以及無線電技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電子(zi)計算機技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、數(shu)字顯示(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電液伺(si)服(fu)控制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)變(bian)(bian)測(ce)量(liang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、近(jin)代(dai)(dai)無損檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、儀器(qi)儀表(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)密切相(xiang)關(guan)。60年(nian)代(dai)(dai)以來(lai),由于(yu)這些域的(de)(de)(de)(de)先進成就應(ying)用到金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中去(qu)，使金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)、能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)程度(du)顯著(zhu)提高(gao)(gao)，基本上(shang)可實現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)圖表(biao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)正向(xiang)著(zhu)無惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電子(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)盤自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(廣泛應(ying)用電子(zi)計算機)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)邁(mai)進。
