對黃銅脫鋅(xin)腐蝕的(de)機(ji)理,國(guo)內外都做了一(yi)些研究,提出了各(ge)種研究結論(lun)(lun),但目前還(huan)不十(shi)分完善(shan),主要理論(lun)(lun)有優先溶(rong)解(jie)和溶(rong)解(jie)-再沉(chen)積機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)、雙空(kong)位機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)和滲流機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。接下(xia)就(jiu)讓(rang)我們來簡單的(de)介紹一(yi)下(xia)這(zhe)些機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。         

 1. 優先溶(rong)解和(he)溶(rong)解一再沉積機制，優先溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)機制(zhi)認為,黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)腐蝕過(guo)程中,合金(jin)表(biao)(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)從黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中優先溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie),然后合金(jin)內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)通(tong)過(guo)空位擴散繼續溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie),電位較正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)被(bei)遺留(liu)下(xia)來(lai),呈疏松狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)層。但(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)種理論難(nan)以說明脫(tuo)(tuo)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脆性(xing)開(kai)(kai)裂(lie)深度與鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)在室溫下(xia)擴散系數太低之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾。而(er)在黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表(biao)(biao)面與溶(rong)液接觸處發生了鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)選擇性(xing)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie),被(bei)腐蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)由合金(jin)晶格上鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散所(suo)補償(chang),鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)在活性(xing)脫(tuo)(tuo)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)前(qian)沿被(bei)選擇性(xing)侵(qin)蝕,這(zhe)(zhe)個前(qian)沿不斷(duan)地向內部移(yi)動。按照(zhao)作者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點,脫(tuo)(tuo)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)相只是在初(chu)始黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)母體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)架結(jie)構中出(chu)現(xian),它容許(xu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)離子(zi)(zi)自由向外(wai)擴散,黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脫(tuo)(tuo)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)阻力依(yi)賴于鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)外(wai)層電子(zi)(zi)離開(kai)(kai)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難(nan)易程度。    

 2. 溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)-再沉(chen)積機制(zhi)認為(wei)(wei),黃銅(tong)表(biao)面上的(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)和(he)銅(tong)一(yi)起溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),鋅(xin)留在(zai)(zai)(zai)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液中，而銅(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)靠(kao)近溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面上迅(xun)速析(xi)出(chu)(chu)而重(zhong)新沉(chen)積在(zai)(zai)(zai)基(ji)體上,但(dan)這種機制(zhi)無法(fa)圓滿地解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)釋銅(tong)不可(ke)(ke)能(neng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)脫(tuo)鋅(xin)現(xian)象。因為(wei)(wei)鋅(xin)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)遠(yuan)低(di)于銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)陽極溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei),因此銅(tong)和(he)鋅(xin)不可(ke)(ke)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)任(ren)何情況下發(fa)生同(tong)時(shi)(shi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。在(zai)(zai)(zai)硫酸中進(jin)行了(le)研究,在(zai)(zai)(zai)最初階段由于建立了(le)(Cu-Zn)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,鋅(xin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液中優先溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),但(dan)當多孔的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)-氧化銅(tong)膜(mo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極表(biao)面形成時(shi)(shi),脫(tuo)鋅(xin)速度(du)(du)下降(jiang),銅(tong)、鋅(xin)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。這時(shi)(shi)鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)速度(du)(du)受(shou)通過晶格空位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)擴散速度(du)(du)所控制(zhi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)這個(ge)階段銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)速度(du)(du)因為(wei)(wei)CuO膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)形成而減少,這決定性地位(wei)取(qu)決于腐蝕(shi)條件,比(bi)如(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)稀鹽酸中會發(fa)生鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)選擇性溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),而在(zai)(zai)(zai)濃度(du)(du)較高的(de)(de)(de)鹽酸或海水中則發(fa)生銅(tong)重(zhong)新析(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)脫(tuo)鋅(xin)腐蝕(shi)。此外(wai),脫(tuo)鋅(xin)機制(zhi)還受(shou)到溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)溫度(du)(du)、浸泡周期長(chang)短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)影響。銅(tong)和(he)鋅(xin)是否同(tong)時(shi)(shi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie),可(ke)(ke)以將它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)-pH圖重(zhong)疊后預測。        

 而防止黃(huang)銅(tong)脫(tuo)鋅(xin)腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)方法，主要可以從冶金(jin)方面(mian)入手(shou),其次也可從改善環(huan)境方面(mian)考慮。改善腐(fu)蝕(shi)環(huan)境，則可以采用陰(yin)極保護(hu)、添(tian)加緩(huan)蝕(shi)劑、降低(di)介質浸蝕(shi)性等,不過由于(yu)受工(gong)況條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi),并不能完全抑(yi)制(zhi)黃(huang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)脫(tuo)鋅(xin)。根治的(de)(de)(de)方法，則是(shi)通過冶金(jin)化方法提高黃(huang)銅(tong)自身的(de)(de)(de)抗脫(tuo)鋅(xin)能力,這才是(shi)杜絕黃(huang)銅(tong)脫(tuo)鋅(xin)腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發生絕對好方法。