一、裝置(zhi)簡介(jie)


  醋(cu)(cu)酸是(shi)重要的(de)有機(ji)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)原料之一(yi),廣泛用于合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)纖維、涂料、醫(yi)藥、農藥、食(shi)品(pin)添加(jia)劑、染織等工(gong)(gong)業,是(shi)國民經濟的(de)一(yi)個重要組成(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)分。醋(cu)(cu)酸生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)方法(fa)(fa)有乙(yi)(yi)(yi)醛氧化(hua)法(fa)(fa)(乙(yi)(yi)(yi)醇和(he)乙(yi)(yi)(yi)烯法(fa)(fa))、乙(yi)(yi)(yi)烷和(he)甲烷氧化(hua)法(fa)(fa)以及(ji)甲醇羰基(ji)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)等。生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)同(tong),操(cao)作條件(jian)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)介質的(de)組成(cheng)(cheng)和(he)腐(fu)蝕性(xing)也不(bu)同(tong),對設備(bei)和(he)管(guan)道(dao)材料的(de)要求(qiu)也不(bu)同(tong)。甲醇低(di)壓羰基(ji)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)(cu)酸工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流(liu)程簡(jian)單,產能大,產品(pin)質量(liang)高,是(shi)目前最先進的(de)醋(cu)(cu)酸生(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)藝(yi),也是(shi)國內外醋(cu)(cu)酸生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)主(zhu)流(liu)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。羰基(ji)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)(cu)酸的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)介質腐(fu)蝕性(xing)強,對設備(bei)管(guan)道(dao)材料有特殊的(de)要求(qiu)。



二、典型羰(tang)基合成醋酸工藝流程(cheng)


  甲醇低壓羰基合成醋酸技術由美國Monsanto公司實(shi)現工業化,其工藝流程示意圖如圖2.36所示。


36.jpg


  甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇低(di)壓(ya)羰基合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)生(sheng)產工藝大致可(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)、精(jing)制(zhi)、輕組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)回收(shou)、催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)制(zhi)備與再生(sheng)等工序。甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇由(you)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇中(zhong)間(jian)儲(chu)槽經甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇加料泵(beng)送(song)至甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇加熱(re)器(qi)進(jin)入反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)。精(jing)制(zhi)一氧化(hua)(hua)碳以一定壓(ya)力及(ji)(ji)一定流量由(you)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)底部進(jin)入釜(fu)內(nei)(nei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配管(guan)。在(zai)(zai)攪(jiao)拌器(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下,CO在(zai)(zai)溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)擴散溶(rong)解。在(zai)(zai)催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)促進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)(ji)碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下,CO與甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇在(zai)(zai)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)內(nei)(nei)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)。經反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)冷(leng)凝器(qi)冷(leng)卻(que)(que)后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)人(ren)冷(leng)凝液(ye)分(fen)(fen)(fen)離器(qi)。含(han)有(you)大量碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)、醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)、醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酯等的(de)(de)冷(leng)凝液(ye)送(song)回反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu),冷(leng)卻(que)(que)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)進(jin)人(ren)高(gao)壓(ya)吸(xi)收(shou)塔(ta)(ta),用(yong)(yong)(yong)貧液(ye)(醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan))吸(xi)收(shou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan),吸(xi)收(shou)了碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)富液(ye)從高(gao)壓(ya)吸(xi)收(shou)塔(ta)(ta)底部排出(chu)進(jin)入再生(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)進(jin)行(xing)再生(sheng)。吸(xi)收(shou)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)尾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)去(qu)火(huo)炬系統(tong)。反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)內(nei)(nei)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)及(ji)(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)液(ye)在(zai)(zai)閃蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)罐(guan)內(nei)(nei)閃蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)形成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)液(ye)兩相(xiang)(xiang)。液(ye)體(ti)(ti)經催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)循(xun)環(huan)泵(beng)送(song)回反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)釜(fu)。含(han)有(you)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)、碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)、碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)、水及(ji)(ji)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酯等組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)去(qu)初(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)進(jin)行(xing)提純。來(lai)自閃蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)罐(guan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)物料中(zhong)的(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)以及(ji)(ji)夾帶的(de)(de)少量催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji),在(zai)(zai)初(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)底部靠位差返回閃蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)罐(guan)。初(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)餾得到的(de)(de)粗醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)由(you)塔(ta)(ta)側(ce)(ce)中(zhong)部取(qu)出(chu),送(song)至脫水塔(ta)(ta)。脫水塔(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)與初(chu)(chu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)一道(dao)送(song)至低(di)壓(ya)吸(xi)收(shou)塔(ta)(ta),回收(shou)碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)尾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)去(qu)火(huo)炬系統(tong),液(ye)體(ti)(ti)送(song)再生(sheng)塔(ta)(ta),成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)由(you)成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)塔(ta)(ta)側(ce)(ce)部取(qu)出(chu),冷(leng)卻(que)(que)后(hou)(hou)(hou)送(song)成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)中(zhong)間(jian)儲(chu)槽。含(han)丙酸(suan)(suan)以及(ji)(ji)金屬碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)物的(de)(de)高(gao)沸(fei)點的(de)(de)溶(rong)液(ye)由(you)塔(ta)(ta)底部送(song)往(wang)汽提塔(ta)(ta)系統(tong),以回收(shou)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan),塔(ta)(ta)底重組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)進(jin)一步處理回收(shou)。再生(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)再生(sheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)貧液(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)循(xun)環(huan)水冷(leng)卻(que)(que)后(hou)(hou)(hou),一部分(fen)(fen)(fen)送(song)往(wang)高(gao)壓(ya)吸(xi)收(shou)塔(ta)(ta)作(zuo)吸(xi)收(shou)劑(ji)(ji)(ji);另(ling)一部分(fen)(fen)(fen)送(song)往(wang)低(di)壓(ya)吸(xi)收(shou)塔(ta)(ta)作(zuo)吸(xi)收(shou)劑(ji)(ji)(ji),循(xun)環(huan)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。



三、醋酸裝置的配管設計(ji)


  主要是對(dui)塔、罐、泵、反(fan)應器等設(she)備的配管設(she)計。