反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程的基本特征決(jue)定了適宜的反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器形式。例如氣固相反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程大致是(shi)用固定床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器、流(liu)化床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器或(huo)移動(dong)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器。但(dan)是(shi)適宜的選型則需考慮反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的熱效應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、對反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)轉化率和選擇率的要求、催(cui)化劑物理化學性態和失活等多種因素。

  不銹鋼反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)的操作方式和(he)加料(liao)方式也(ye)需考慮。例(li)如，對于有串聯或平行副反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的過程(cheng)，分段(duan)進料(liao)可能(neng)優(you)于一(yi)次(ci)進料(liao)。溫度(du)序(xu)列也(ye)是反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)選型的一(yi)個重(zhong)要因(yin)素。例(li)如，對于放熱的可逆反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)采用先(xian)高后低的溫度(du)序(xu)列，多級(ji)、級(ji)間換熱式反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)可使(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)的溫度(du)序(xu)列趨于合理。

下面主(zhu)要介紹釜(fu)式反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)、管式反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)、塔式反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)、固定(ding)床反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)、流化(hua)床反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)。

①. 釜式(shi)反(fan)應器

  釜(fu)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)也稱槽式(shi)、鍋式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)，它是各類(lei)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)結構較(jiao)為簡單且應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)廣(guang)的(de)一種。主要應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于液-液均(jun)相反(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)-液、液-液非均(jun)相反(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)中(zhong)也有應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)化工生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)，既適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于間(jian)歇操(cao)作(zuo)過程(cheng)，又可單釜(fu)或多釜(fu)串聯(lian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于連續操(cao)作(zuo)過程(cheng)，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)間(jian)歇生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)最多。釜(fu)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)具(ju)有適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)溫度和壓(ya)力范圍寬、適(shi)應(ying)(ying)性強、操(cao)作(zuo)彈性大(da)、連續操(cao)作(zuo)時溫度濃(nong)度容(rong)易(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)、產(chan)品質量均(jun)一等特點(dian)(dian)。但(dan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)高轉化率工藝要求(qiu)時，需要較(jiao)大(da)容(rong)積。通常在(zai)(zai)操(cao)作(zuo)條件比(bi)較(jiao)緩和的(de)情況下使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，如(ru)常壓(ya)、溫度較(jiao)低且低于物料沸點(dian)(dian)時，應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)此類(lei)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)最為普遍。

②. 管式反應器(qi)

  管式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)主要用(yong)于(yu)(yu)氣相(xiang)、液(ye)相(xiang)、氣-液(ye)相(xiang)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程，由(you)單根（直管或(huo)(huo)盤(pan)管）連(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)或(huo)(huo)多(duo)根平行排列的管子組成，一(yi)般設有(you)套管或(huo)(huo)殼管式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)裝置。操(cao)作時，物料自一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)加(jia)入，在管中連(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，從另一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)流出，便達到了要求的轉(zhuan)化率。由(you)于(yu)(yu)管式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)能承受(shou)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高的壓(ya)力，故用(yong)于(yu)(yu)加(jia)壓(ya)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)尤為合(he)適，例如油脂或(huo)(huo)脂肪酸加(jia)氫生產(chan)高碳(tan)醇、裂(lie)解反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)的管式(shi)爐便是(shi)管式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。此種反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)具(ju)有(you)容積小、比表面大(da)(da)(da)、返混少、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)混合(he)物連(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)性變化、易于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)等(deng)優點。但若反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)速度較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)慢時，則有(you)所需管子長、壓(ya)降(jiang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)等(deng)不(bu)足。隨(sui)著化工生產(chan)越(yue)(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)(yue)趨于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)(da)型化、連(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)化、自動化，連(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)操(cao)作的管式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)在生產(chan)中使用(yong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)(yue)多(duo)，某些(xie)傳統上(shang)一(yi)直使用(yong)間(jian)歇攪拌釜(fu)的高分子聚合(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，目前也開(kai)始改用(yong)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)操(cao)作的管式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。管式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)的長徑比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)，與釜(fu)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)相(xiang)比在結構上(shang)差異較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)，有(you)直管式(shi)、盤(pan)管式(shi)、多(duo)管式(shi)等(deng)。

③. 塔式反應器

  塔式(shi)(shi)(shi)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)長徑比介于(yu)(yu)釜式(shi)(shi)(shi)和管(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)之間(jian)。主要用于(yu)(yu)氣(qi)(qi)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)，常用的(de)有(you)鼓泡塔、填料塔、板式(shi)(shi)(shi)塔。最常用的(de)是鼓泡塔式(shi)(shi)(shi)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)，底(di)部裝有(you)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分布器(qi)，殼外(wai)裝有(you)夾(jia)套或(huo)(huo)其他形式(shi)(shi)(shi)換熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)或(huo)(huo)設(she)有(you)擴大段、液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)滴捕(bu)集(ji)器(qi)等。反應(ying)(ying)(ying)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)通過(guo)分布器(qi)上的(de)小孔(kong)以(yi)鼓泡形式(shi)(shi)(shi)通過(guo)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)層進行化學反應(ying)(ying)(ying)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)間(jian)歇或(huo)(huo)連續加(jia)入，連續加(jia)入的(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)可(ke)以(yi)和氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)并(bing)流或(huo)(huo)逆流，一般采(cai)(cai)用并(bing)流形式(shi)(shi)(shi)較多。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)在塔內為(wei)分散相，液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)為(wei)連續相，液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)返混程(cheng)度較大。為(wei)了提高(gao)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分散程(cheng)度和減少液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)軸向循環，可(ke)以(yi)在塔內安置水(shui)平多孔(kong)隔板。當(dang)吸收或(huo)(huo)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)不大時，可(ke)采(cai)(cai)用夾(jia)套換熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置，熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)較大時，可(ke)在塔內增(zeng)設(she)換熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)蛇管(guan)或(huo)(huo)采(cai)(cai)用塔外(wai)換熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置，也可(ke)以(yi)利用反應(ying)(ying)(ying)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)蒸發(fa)的(de)方法帶走熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)量。

④. 固(gu)定床反應(ying)器

  固(gu)定床(chuang)板反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)是指流(liu)體(ti)(ti)通過靜止(zhi)不動的固(gu)體(ti)(ti)物(wu)料(liao)所形成的床(chuang)層(ceng)而進行(xing)化學反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的設(she)備。以(yi)氣-固(gu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的固(gu)定床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)最常見。固(gu)定床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)根(gen)據床(chuang)層(ceng)數的多(duo)(duo)少又(you)可分為單(dan)段(duan)式(shi)和多(duo)(duo)段(duan)式(shi)兩種類型。單(dan)段(duan)式(shi)一般為高徑比不大的圓(yuan)筒(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)，在圓(yuan)筒(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)下部裝有柵板等板件，其上為催(cui)化劑(ji)床(chuang)層(ceng)，均勻地堆置一定厚度的催(cui)化劑(ji)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)顆粒(li)。單(dan)段(duan)式(shi)固(gu)定床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)結(jie)構簡單(dan)、造價便宜、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)體(ti)(ti)積利(li)用率(lv)高。多(duo)(duo)段(duan)式(shi)是在圓(yuan)筒(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)內設(she)有多(duo)(duo)個催(cui)化劑(ji)床(chuang)層(ceng)，在各床(chuang)層(ceng)之間可采用多(duo)(duo)種方式(shi)進行(xing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)物(wu)料(liao)的換熱。其特(te)點是便于控制調節反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)溫度，防止(zhi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)溫度超出允許范(fan)圍。

⑤. 流化床反應(ying)器(qi)

  細小的(de)(de)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)被流(liu)(liu)動著的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)攜帶，具(ju)有流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)一(yi)(yi)樣自由(you)流(liu)(liu)動的(de)(de)性(xing)質，此(ci)種現象稱(cheng)為(wei)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)。一(yi)(yi)般把反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和在(zai)其中呈(cheng)流(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)的(de)(de)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)催(cui)化(hua)劑顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)合在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，稱(cheng)為(wei)流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多用(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)-固反(fan)應(ying)過程。當原料(liao)氣(qi)通(tong)過反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)催(cui)化(hua)劑床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)時，催(cui)化(hua)劑顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)受氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)作用(yong)而懸浮起來呈(cheng)翻滾(gun)沸(fei)騰狀，原料(liao)氣(qi)在(zai)處(chu)于(yu)流(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)劑表(biao)面進行化(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)，此(ci)時的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)劑床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)即為(wei)流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，也(ye)叫沸(fei)騰床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)。流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)形式(shi)很多，但一(yi)(yi)般都由(you)殼體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、內部構件(jian)、固體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)裝卸設備及氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)布、傳熱、氣(qi)固分(fen)離(li)裝置等構成。流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)可根據(ju)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)結構分(fen)為(wei)圓(yuan)筒式(shi)、圓(yuan)錐式(shi)和多管式(shi)等類型。

  不同(tong)類型反應器在工(gong)(gong)業(ye)生產中的適(shi)用(yong)(yong)情況見表6.2。不同(tong)結(jie)構形式的反應器在工(gong)(gong)業(ye)裝置(zhi)中的應用(yong)(yong)舉(ju)例見表6.3。