一、供熱系統與介(jie)質
集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)是指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)個(ge)或(huo)多個(ge)集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，通過供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管網(wang)向(xiang)(xiang)多個(ge)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)的系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，它主要(yao)由(you)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)網(wang)和熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)組(zu)成。其中(zhong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)將天然或(huo)人造的能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形態轉化為符合(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)要(yao)求的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)網(wang)是指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)向(xiang)(xiang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)輸送(song)和分(fen)(fen)配(pei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介質的管道系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)是指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)從熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)獲得(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)的用(yong)(yong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)分(fen)(fen)類方式有三種，可以根(gen)據熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)(fen)類、根(gen)據熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)媒(mei)分(fen)(fen)類、根(gen)據供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管網(wang)分(fen)(fen)類。集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)按熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形式的不同可分(fen)(fen)為：熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電廠(chang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、區域鍋(guo)爐房(fang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、地熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、工(gong)業余(yu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、核供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)堆和太陽(yang)能(neng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)等。集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)根(gen)據熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)媒(mei)不同分(fen)(fen)為蒸汽供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)和熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)水供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。
熱(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)力(li)網(wang)供熱(re)(re)介質(zhi)設(she)計壓(ya)力(li)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)2.5MPa，設(she)計溫度小于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)200℃；蒸汽熱(re)(re)力(li)網(wang)供熱(re)(re)介質(zhi)設(she)計壓(ya)力(li)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)1.6MPa，設(she)計溫度小于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)350℃。
對民用建(jian)筑物(wu)采暖、通風、空調及生(sheng)活熱(re)水熱(re)負荷供(gong)熱(re)的城市熱(re)力網，宜采用水作(zuo)供(gong)熱(re)介(jie)質。
對(dui)生產工(gong)藝(yi)熱(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)(he)和采(cai)(cai)暖、通風、空調(diao)、生活(huo)熱(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)的城(cheng)市熱(re)(re)力網供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)按下列原則確定(ding)：當生產工(gong)藝(yi)熱(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)(he)為(wei)主(zhu)要負(fu)荷(he)(he)，且必須(xu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)時，宜(yi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)作供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)；當以水位供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)能夠滿足(zu)生產工(gong)藝(yi)需要（包括在用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)處(chu)轉換為(wei)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)），且技術經濟合理時，宜(yi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)水作供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)；當采(cai)(cai)暖、通風、空調(diao)熱(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)(he)為(wei)主(zhu)要負(fu)荷(he)(he)，生產工(gong)藝(yi)又(you)必須(xu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)，經技術經濟比較認為(wei)合理時，可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)水和蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)兩(liang)種供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)。
1. 國家現行(xing)標(biao)準GJJ／T 34《城鎮(zhen)供熱(re)(re)(re)管網(wang)(wang)設(she)(she)(she)計規(gui)范(fan)》適用于供熱(re)(re)(re)熱(re)(re)(re)水介質(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)計壓力(li)小于或等(deng)(deng)于2.5MPa，設(she)(she)(she)計溫(wen)度小于或等(deng)(deng)于200℃；供熱(re)(re)(re)蒸汽(qi)介質(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)計壓力(li)小于或等(deng)(deng)于1.6MPa，設(she)(she)(she)計溫(wen)度小于或等(deng)(deng)于350℃的下列城鎮(zhen)供熱(re)(re)(re)管網(wang)(wang)的設(she)(she)(she)計：以熱(re)(re)(re)電廠(chang)或鍋爐(lu)房為(wei)熱(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)，自熱(re)(re)(re)切至建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)熱(re)(re)(re)力(li)人口的供熱(re)(re)(re)管網(wang)(wang)，供熱(re)(re)(re)管網(wang)(wang)新建(jian)(jian)、擴建(jian)(jian)或改建(jian)(jian)的管道、中斷泵站和熱(re)(re)(re)力(li)站等(deng)(deng)工藝(yi)系(xi)統。
2. 國家現行標準(zhun)GJJ／T 81《城鎮(zhen)供熱(re)直埋熱(re)水(shui)管(guan)(guan)道技術(shu)規程》適用于(yu)(yu)新(xin)建(jian)、改建(jian)、擴建(jian)的設(she)計(ji)溫(wen)度(du)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)150℃、設(she)計(ji)壓力小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)2.5MPa，DN小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)1200mm的城鎮(zhen)供熱(re)直埋熱(re)水(shui)管(guan)(guan)道的設(she)計(ji)、施(shi)工、驗收和運行管(guan)(guan)理。
3. 國家現行標準GJJ／T 104《城鎮供(gong)熱直(zhi)埋蒸汽(qi)管(guan)道技術規程》適用于(yu)工作(zuo)壓力小于(yu)或等于(yu)2.5MPa，溫(wen)度小于(yu)或等于(yu)350℃，直(zhi)接埋地敷設的鋼質外護蒸汽(qi)保(bao)溫(wen)管(guan)道的設計、施工、驗收及運行維護。
二、熱力(li)網的形式(shi)
供(gong)熱(re)管(guan)網(wang)按其平面布置形式可分為(wei)枝狀(zhuang)管(guan)網(wang)、環狀(zhuang)管(guan)網(wang)和(he)多管(guan)制管(guan)網(wang)。其特點(dian)是：
1. 枝狀管(guan)網(wang)
從熱(re)源(yuan)引出主(zhu)干(gan)線(xian)沿(yan)城(cheng)鎮道路向各熱(re)用戶(hu)供(gong)熱(re)，形成類似(si)樹(shu)枝狀(zhuang)的(de)管(guan)網(wang)叫枝狀(zhuang)管(guan)網(wang)。枝狀(zhuang)管(guan)網(wang)是目前(qian)我國城(cheng)鎮供(gong)熱(re)中(zhong)普(pu)遍采用的(de)形式，它形式簡單、投(tou)資費(fei)用低(di)，且運行管(guan)理方便，但安全(quan)可(ke)靠性較差，當管(guan)網(wang)中(zhong)距(ju)離熱(re)源(yuan)較近的(de)主(zhu)干(gan)線(xian)發生故障(zhang)時，會影響較多的(de)熱(re)用戶(hu)用熱(re)。
2. 環(huan)狀(zhuang)管網(wang)
供熱管(guan)網的主干(gan)線之間在適當位置連通構成環(huan)(huan)形(xing)，環(huan)(huan)狀管(guan)網運行較安全可(ke)靠，局部發生故(gu)障可(ke)通過環(huan)(huan)網供熱。但(dan)投資(zi)費用高。
3. 多管制管網
一般(ban)用于以(yi)下情況(kuang)：不能間(jian)斷(duan)的熱用戶；供(gong)熱系統中熱用戶所需介質參數差(cha)別較大(da)；熱負荷(he)變(bian)化較大(da)：季節(jie)性熱負荷(he)占(zhan)全年總負荷(he)比例較大(da)。
三、熱(re)水熱(re)力網形式(shi)的確定
熱(re)(re)(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)(re)(re)力網(wang)宜采(cai)用閉(bi)式雙管制。以(yi)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)廠為熱(re)(re)(re)(re)源的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)(re)(re)力網(wang)，同時有工藝、采(cai)暖、通風、空調、生活熱(re)(re)(re)(re)水多種熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷，在(zai)生產工藝熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷與采(cai)暖熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷所(suo)需供熱(re)(re)(re)(re)介質(zhi)參(can)數相差(cha)較(jiao)大，或季節(jie)性(xing)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷占總(zong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負荷比例較(jiao)大，且技術經濟合理時，可(ke)采(cai)用閉(bi)式多管制。
當熱(re)(re)水(shui)(shui)(shui)熱(re)(re)力(li)網(wang)具有水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)費用較低的(de)豐(feng)富的(de)補給(gei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源，且技術(shu)經(jing)濟合理(li)時，可采用開式熱(re)(re)力(li)網(wang)。
當熱(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)力網(wang)具有(you)與(yu)生活熱(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)負荷(he)相適應的廉(lian)價(jia)低位能熱(re)(re)源，且技術(shu)經濟(ji)合理時，可(ke)采用開式熱(re)(re)水網(wang)。
開(kai)式(shi)熱水熱力網(wang)在生(sheng)活熱水熱負荷足夠大且技術經濟合(he)理時，可不設回水管。
四(si)、蒸(zheng)汽(qi)熱(re)力(li)網形式的確定
蒸汽熱力網宜采用單管制。當(dang)各用戶間所需(xu)蒸汽參數相(xiang)差較(jiao)大或季節(jie)性熱負荷(he)占總(zong)熱負荷(he)比(bi)例較(jiao)大且(qie)技術經濟合理時，蒸汽熱力網可采用雙(shuang)管或多管制。
蒸汽(qi)熱(re)力網的熱(re)負(fu)荷分期增長時(shi)，可采用雙管或多管制。蒸汽(qi)供(gong)熱(re)系(xi)統應(ying)創造條件采用間(jian)接換(huan)熱(re)系(xi)統。當被加(jia)熱(re)介質泄漏不會產生危(wei)害時(shi)，其凝結水(shui)應(ying)全部回收并設置凝結水(shui)管道。
當凝結(jie)水(shui)回收時，用戶熱(re)力站(zhan)應(ying)設閉式凝結(jie)水(shui)箱，用水(shui)泵將凝結(jie)水(shui)送回熱(re)源。
五、多供(gong)熱源(yuan)熱力網形式的(de)確定
供熱建筑面積大于1000×104㎡的供熱系統應采用多熱源供熱，且各熱源熱力干線應連通。在技術經濟合理時，熱力網干線可連接成環狀管網。對供熱可靠性有特殊要求的用戶，有條件時應由兩個熱源供熱，或者設自備熱源。
